First constitution of the republic, February 24, 1891. The first Constitution of the Republic is installed which provides for direct elections for president. Deodoro da Fonseca will beat Prudente de Moraes in the election to become the first president of Brazil.

First president of Brazil resigns, November 23, 1891. In the same year that Deodoro da Fonseca was elected as the first president of Brazil, he violates the constitution and dissolve Congress, an act that leads to his resignation on this day. Vice-President Floriano Peixoto takes office.

Dom Pedro II dies, December 5, 1891. De-throned emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, dies in exile in Paris.

Federalist Revolution of Rio Grande do Sul, February 2, 1893. The Revolução Federalista begins in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul and lasts for more than two years.

Revolt of the Armada, September 6, 1893. The Revolta da Armada begins in Rio de Janeiro when a group high officials in the Navy demand new elections, stating that they are called for by the Constitution since Deodoro da Fonseca resigned from the presidency after less then two years. They move to the south in seek of support, but President Floriano Peixoto aquires new ships and puts down the revolt in March of 1894.

War of Canudos ends, September 22, 1897. The mystic Antônio Conselheiro and his 25,000 followers defeated three military expeditions sent by the state of Bahia, but are completely wiped out by an army of 5,000 soldiers sent by President Prudente de Moraes.

Federal Serotherapy Institute in established, May 25, 1900. The Federal Serotherapy Institute is established with Oswaldo Cruz as Technical Director. Soon he will be appointed to the position of Director General of Public Health.

Brazil annexes the Acre territory, November 17, 1903. The Treaty of Petrópolis incorporates the Territory of Acre (now a state) officially into Brazil.

Vaccine bill proposed, June 9, 1904. Wanting to control the smallpox epidemic that was ravaging Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz pressures the government to mandate smallpox vaccinations. The new law is presented to Congress on this day. People are frightened by the provisions of the law and protest it, spurred on by the newspapers and unions.

Vaccine Revolt breaks out, November 13, 1904. A violent riot errupts in the streets of Rio de Janeiro during the protest of the mandatory smallpox vaccine. The vaccine law may have been little more than an excuse for the people who were already unhappy with the government.

The Military Academy joins the Vaccine Revolt, November 14, 1904. Using the Vaccine Revolt as a pretext, the Escola Militar of Rio de Janeiro joins the insurrection with the intention of removing President Rodrigues Alves, but are unsuccessful.

Vaccine Revolt controlled, November 16, 1904. The revolt triggered by protests of the mandatory smallpox vaccination is subdued, but the vaccine is no longer obligatory. Foreigners who were involved in the revolt are deported, thousands of people are arrested, and hundreds are expelled to Brazil's new Acre territory. Four years later during a major smallpox epidemic, people become eager for the vaccinations.

President Afonso Pena dies, June 14, 1909. Vice-President Nilo Peçanha is sworn in as the seventh president of Brazil following the death of Afonso Pena.

Oswaldo Cruz elected mayor of Petrópolis, August 18, 1916.

Brazil declares war on Austria, September 25, 1918.

Princess Isabel dies, November 14, 1921.

Brazil drops out of League of Nations, June 12, 1926. Admid plans to admit Germany, Brazil drops out of the League of Nations in protest.

Vice-President João Pessoa is assassinated, July 25, 1930.

Women's suffrage, November 3, 1930. Women gain the right to vote.

Brazil declares war on Germany, August 22, 1942. Brazilians will be the only South American troups in Europe during World War II.

USA and Latin America sign non-aggression treaty, October 10, 1933. Rio de Janeiro is the site of a treaty signing between American president Theodore Roosevelt and Latin American nations.

Brazilian forces capture Monte Castelo, February 21, 1945. Doing their part in World War II, the Força Expedicionária Brasileira (Brazilian Expeditionary Force) was sent to Italy where they eventually capture the Fort of Monte Castelo from the Germans. This helps to open a passage for the Allies.

Uruguay beats Brazil to win World Cup, July 16, 1950. The Brazilian team lost to Uruguay in the final match for the World Cup being played in Rio de Janeiro.

Laurindo Almeida and Bud Shank begin recording together, April 15, 1953. This is perhaps the earliest fusion of American jazz with Brazilian music, and predates Jazz Samba by nearly a decade.

Brazil beats Argentina in World Cup, July 7, 1957. With the help of Pelé, the Brazilian team beats Argentina in the World Cup tournament.

The national capital is moved to Brasília, April 21, 1960. President Juscelino Kubitschek inaugurates the new capital city.

Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd record Jazz Samba, February 13, 1962. The album puts them in the Billboard magazine pop charts for 70 weeks.

Brazil returns Juan Perón to Spain, December 2, 1964. Ex-president of Argentina Juan Domingo Perón was in Brazil attempting to return to Argentina when Brazil sent him back to Spain.

New constitution is adopted, January 22, 1967.

Pelé kicks 1,000th goal, November 19, 1969. Soccer (futebol) legend Pelé scores his 1,000th goal.

Biggest rock concert of all time, January 11, 1985. The biggest rock concert of all time is help in Rio de Janeiro. Participating bands include Yes, Queen, and Iron Maiden.

President Tancredo Neves dies, April 21, 1985. Was elected president in 1985, but is not able to take office due to failing health. After suffering seven operations, he passes away on this day and his vice-president José Sarney assumes the presidency.

Remains of Nazi war criminal exhumed, June 6, 1985. The remains of Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele are exhumed near São Paulo.

Brazil gets its eighth constitution, October 5, 1988. Promulgation of the eighth Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil.

Brazil signs free trade agreement, March 26, 1991. An agreement to establish a free trade zone by 1995, called the Southern Cone Common Market, is signed by Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

Brazil wins its fourth world cup, July 17, 1994.

Itamar Franco becomes president, October 2, 1994. Vice-President Itamar Franco takes the presidency following accusations of corruption against President Fernando Collor.

Brazil gets bronze medal in soccer, August 2, 1996. The Brazilian team beat Portugal to get the Olympic bronze medal.

Gal Costa gives MTV concert, July 27, 1997. Gal Costa records Acústico live on MTV.

Part of Amazon gets protection, April 29, 1998. Plans are announced to protect a large area of the Amazon rain forest.

France defeats Brazil to win World Cup, July 12, 1998. The Brazilian team makes it to the final match, but loses to France. Brazil will come back four years later to win the cup.

Marisa Monte concert in Rio de Janeiro, June 28, 2001. Marisa Monte appears at the ATL Hall in Rio de Janeiro on her "Memórias, Crônicas e Declarações de Amor" tour. Her performace over the next three days is filmed for her DVD.

Penta! Brazil wins World Cup, June 30, 2002. Brazil wins its fifth World Cup championship. In the final game, Brazil scores 2 goals and Germany has no score.

Lula wins presidential election, October 27, 2002. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is elected president of Brazil.

Inauguration of President Lula, January 1, 2003. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is inaugurated as Brazil's 36th president.

Lula makes pledge to end hunger, January 2, 2003. Newly elected President Lula da Silva announces that his primary goal is to end hunger in Brazil.

Varig and TAM announce merger, February 6, 2003. Brazil's two largest airlines, Varig and TAM, announce plans to merge.